Ilex aquifolium · Shrub
Holly leaf blight (Phytophthora ilicis): Improve drainage to avoid waterlogging, remove infected debris, and quarantine new plants for observation before planting.
Holly leaf miner: Generally harmless; prune out severely affected shoots if necessary, but usually no chemical control is needed.
Scale insects: Scrape off small infestations manually or use horticultural oil sprays during the dormant season.
Aphids: Encourage natural predators like ladybirds or treat with a targeted insecticidal soap if populations are high.
Winter desiccation: Water well before ground freezes in autumn and mulch roots to retain moisture during dry winter spells.